Number of questions: 25

PDF File Each question has only one answer.

1.   Which of the followings is (are) true regarding infarction of the cortical area being illustrated here with Luxol Fast Blue-Cresyl Violet (Klüver-Barerra) stain? Answer

1.   Blockage of the anterior cerebral arteries.

2.   Blockage of the posterior cerebral arteries.

3.   Will lead to Wallenberg syndrome.

4.   Bilateral infarction will lead to Anton syndrome.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

2.   The weight of the brain at the time of birth of a full term baby is about?  Answer

A.  120 grams.

B.  240 grams.

C.  360 grams.

D.  800 grams.

E.  1450 grams.

3.   Batson’s plexus is? Answer

A.  Located in the choroids plexus.

B.  The vascular plexus that arises from the circle of Willis and supply the deep gray area.

C.  Associated with the circumventricular organs.

D.  Located in the retina.

E.  A paravertebral venous plexus.

4.   The neurons in which of the following is most resistant to hypoxic/ischemic injury? Answer

A.  Area A.

B.  Area B.

C.  Area C.

D.  Area D.

E.  Area E.

5.   Which of the followings is (are) correct for Cajal-Retzius cells? Answer

1.   They are the first neurons to mature.

2.   They are most prominent during the 16^th to 20^th week of gestation.

3.   They are found in the superficial or subpial location in the cerebral cortex.

4.   They are found exclusively in the spinal cord.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

6.   Which of the following is true about the striae of Gennari? Answer

1.   It is a band of intracortical myelinated fibers in between lamina II and III.

2.   It is a band of intracortical myelinated fibers in between lamina IV and V.

3.   It is found in the archicortex.

4.   It is found in the neocortex.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

7.   Which of the following antigens would be widely detected in reactive and neoplastic astrocytes? Answer

A.  Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA).

B.  HMB-45.

C.  Synaptophysin.

D.  Neurofilament proteins.

E.  Cytokeratin AE1/AE3.

8.   Which of the followings is (are) true about the photomicrograph being illustrated here? Answer

1.   Segmental hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nuclei is illustrated here.

2.   Enlarged neuron with bizarre morphology is associated with this situation.

3.   These changes can be produced by damage to the central tegmental tract.

4.   There are no pathologic changes being illustrated here.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

9.    Medulloblastoma in a midline location is most likely to cause which of the followings? Answer

A.  Gait ataxia and intentional tremor.

B.  Truncal ataxia.

C.  Limb ataxia.

D.  Alien limb.

E.  None of the above.

10. This specimen is obtained from an infant who was born after 30 weeks of gestation. The pathologic changes are most compatible with? Answer

A.  Neuronal death due to hypoxic/ischemic damage.

B.  Alzheimer type II astrocytes resulted from hepatic failure.

C.  Congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

D.  Congenital toxoplasmosis.

E.  Congenital human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection.

11. Which of the following is most likely to produce Klüver-Bucy syndrome? Answer

A.  Congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

B.  Congenital rubella infection.

C.  Rasmussen’s encephalitis.

D.  Herpes simplex encephalitis.

E.  Poliomyelitis.

12. Crossed cerebellar atrophy refers to? Answer

A.  Atrophy of the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle.

B.  Atrophy of one hemisphere that extend and cross to involve the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere.

C.  Atrophy of one cerebral hemisphere associated with crossed atrophy of the counterlateral cerebellar hemisphere.

D.  Crossed atrophy of both cerebellar hemispheres.

E.  All of the above.

13. These photomicrographs of adenohypophysis demonstrates which of the following? Answer

1.   An amoebic infection.

2.   Collection of ova from a worm infestation.

3.   A glycogen/glycolipid storage disease.

4.   Viral cytopathic effect produced by a DNA virus.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

14. This photomicrograph of a mass in the basal ganglia of an HIV-positive patient demonstrates which of the following? Answer

1.   Primary CNS lymphoma.

2.   Encephalitis caused by a protozoal infection.

3.   Histoplasma capsulatum encephalitis.

4.   This lesion is an AIDS-defining disease.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

15. Which of the following tract is involved in coordinating the motor function of the nucleus of the occulomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducen (CN VI) nerves? Answer

A.  Central tegmental tract.

B.  Medial lemiscus.

C.  Medial longitudinal fascicle.

D.  Mammalothalamic tract.

E.  Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle.

16. The features being illustrated here are most consistent with? Answer

A.  Hypoxic ischemic changes of neurons.

B.  Alzheimer type II astrocytes caused by hepatic encephalopathy.

C.  Mineralized neurons in periventricular leukomalacia.

D.  Lysosomal storage disease.

E.  There is no pathologic changes here.

17. Destruction of which of the following structures will lead to hemiballismus? Answer

A.  Substantia nigra.

B.  Substantia innominata.

C.  Globus pallidus.

D.  Caudate.

E.  Subthalamic nucleus.

18. Which of the followings is true regarding decorticated posture? Answer

A.  When the comatose patient receives a stimulus, there is extension of the upper limbs and flexion of lower limbs.

B.  The level of impairment of brainstem activity is between the levels of the rostral poles of the red nuclei and vestibular nuclei (subthalamus to mid pons).

C.  When the comatose patient receives a stimulus, there is extension of both upper and lower limbs.

D.  The level of impairment of brainstem activity is usually above the level of red nucleus.

E.  All of the above are true.

19. Canavan disease, Alexander disease and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome share the common feature(s) of? Answer

1.   Infantile onset of manifestations.

2.   Megaencephaly without hydrocephalus.

3.   Leukodystrophy.

4.   Mutation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

20. Which of the followings are true about neurofilament proteins in human? Answer

A.  Encoded by two different genes that give rise to the low- and high-molecular neurofilament protein.

B.  Different isoforms can be phosphorylated to different levels.

C.  Expressed at the beginning stage of neuronal differentiation.

D.  It is a type II intermediate filament.

E.  All of the above are true.

21. Which of the followings regarding the pathologic changes being illustrated is (are) true? Answer

1.   The morphologic features are most consistent the early phase of an infarction.

2.   Can be produced by obstruction of the middle cerebral arteries.

3.   The cell labeled by the arrow is a macrophage.

4.   The cell labeled by the arrow is an oligodendrocyte.

A.  1, 2, and 3 are true.

B.  1 and 3 are true.

C.  2 and 4 are true.

D.  Only 4 is true.

E.  None of the above.

22. Which of the followings is (are) true about Möbius Syndrome? Answer

A.  Facial diplegia.

B.  Internal strabismus.

C.  Conscious and no central respiratory depression.

D.  No skeletal muscle problem in limbs and respiratory muscles.

E.  All of the above are true.

23. Which of the followings can cause high-output cardiac failure? Answer

A.  Berry aneurysm.

B.  Dolichoectasia.

C.  Microaneurysm of the brain.

D.  Aneurysmal malformation of the great vein of Galen.

E.  None of the above.

24. Which of the followings are produced by prolonged fixation in formalin? Answer

A.  Buschino bodies.

B.  Lewy bodies.

C.  Hirano bodies.

D.  Lafora bodies.

E.  Marinesco bodies.

25. Chromatolysis refers to? Answer

A.  Depigmentation of pigmented neurons in substantia nigra that is observed in Parkinson’s disease.

B.  Loss of Nissl substance accompanied by weak eosinophilic changes and swelling in neurons under stress.

C.  Degeneration of the pigmented layer in the retina.

D.  Loss of pigmented cells in locus ceruleus in Alzheimer’s disease.

E.  Failure to demonstrate Nissl substance by Nissl stain due to over differentiation of Nissl stain.